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\lhead{PCz, Biotechnology, Plant \textit{In Vitro} Cultures 2024}
\rhead{Group I}
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\title{\textbf{Practical 2}\\ Establishment of Axenic Plant Cultures as Explant Sources for \textit{In Vitro} Experiments}
\author{A. Gorbelak}
\date{}

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\section*{Objectives}
\begin{longenum}
    \item To learn methods of plant material sterilization.
    \item To gain experience in the establishment and maintenance of sterile cultures of seedlings and plants.
    \item To establish sterile cultures of \textit{Arabidopsis thaliana} and \textit{Nicotiana sp.} as explant sources for future practicals.
\end{longenum}

\section*{Introduction}
\begin{longenum}
    \item Sterile \textit{in vitro} plant cultures are recommended as sources of explants to avoid repeated sterilization of plant material \cite{George2008}.
    \item When seedling fragments are used as explants, seeds can be sterilized and germinated \textit{in vitro}, providing axenic seedling cultures.
    \item For explants taken from mature plant tissues, donor plants are typically not maintained in sterile culture, necessitating surface sterilization of the explant material \cite{Cassells2012}.
    \item An exception includes species from the \textit{Solanaceae} family (e.g., tomato, tobacco), which are easily maintained in \textit{in vitro} cultures through propagation by cuttings.
    \item These cuttings are grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium \cite{Murashige1962}, commonly supplemented with 1\% sucrose (MS10).
    \item Plants from germinated \textit{in vitro} seeds of the \textit{Solanaceae} family can be propagated by cuttings, providing a continuous source of sterile explant material.
\end{longenum}

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